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Optimized assembly - This version of the game differs from traditional assembly since it doesn’t use the X register as a data stack pointer.

#6502 emulator in python free#

Some functions copy and save data from the fastest region of memory called zero page to free it up for use and restore the data when the function ends (more details on this below too). Like many 65(C)02 (ie 6502 or 65C02) programs, it uses the X register as a stack pointer for a data stack (more details on this below).

Traditional assembly - This is plain old 65C02 assembly.

These are the languages that I want to compare: Since the 65C02 has an open address bus, there is no limit to the amount of RAM and ROM it can access. For comparison, the TI-89 introduced in 1998 and the HP-49G from 1999 had 256 kB and 512 kB of RAM respectively. The throughhole PIC32, for example, runs at up to 50 MHz, but only has 64 kB of RAM. Some throughhole microcontrollers have much more processing power, though not much RAM and no way to add more without an external address bus. The Motorola 68000 is more powerful MHz for MHz, but it's already used in the TI-89, so I would like to use something different. There aren’t many better choices in a throughhole package. Another advantage of the 65C02 is that it’s still sold in a DIP package, so it’s easy to find and experiment with on a breadboard.

#6502 emulator in python full#

Since the Z80 needs 3-4 times more cycles to accomplish the same work as a 6502, a 65C02 running at full speed should be 7-9 times more powerful than the Z80 in a TI-83+. For comparison, the very common TI-83+ made by Texas Instruments has a Zilog Z80 running at 6 MHz. Both of these things make it a good choice for a graphing calculator. Because the 65C02 is made with more modern CMOS transistors, it’s much more energy efficient and runs at up to 14 MHz, compared to the 1-3 MHz of the original 6502. The 65C02 is an improved version of the 6502 used in the Atari 2600, Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), and the first two computers made by Apple. Porting the Game to Traditional Assembly.Robot Game - Traditional assembly version I also ported the game to C and Forth to see how fast they are compared to the assembly versions. To figure out how much of an improvement the optimizer adds, I made a game in Python then ported it to both traditional assembly and the new optimized assembly format. It works by tracing program flow then assigning fixed addresses to local variables in functions instead of storing them on the stack.

One of the projects I worked on is an optimizer to make assembly programs run faster. There are a few different languages that you can use to write programs for this processor with assembly offering the best performance. A few years ago, I started doing small projects with the 65C02 processor to build up to using it to make a graphing calculator.